At the time of the Civil War, as a result of lax laws ... on the hostile frontier developed procedures by necessity. Military surgeons learned to amputate and perform a wide variety of procedures ...

Hamilton County had 2,400 men enlisted in the Federal Army during the American Civil War, with 13 surgeons from the county appointed to tend to the wounded, who suffered from battlefield wounds and ...

The Union's armed forces engaged some 12,000 surgeons during the Civil War. Of these, just fourteen were men of color ... examines the lives and military service of these men, thirteen who had served ...